Is pregnancy medicalized?

Is pregnancy medicalized?

For better or for worse, in most developed countries, including the United States and Canada, normal pregnancy and birth are highly ‘medicalized’. Furthermore, it is not uncommon for women to experience problems during pregnancy that require medical care and intervention.

What are protected populations?

This refers to children, prisoners, pregnant women, nonviable neonates, and neonates of uncertain viability. These groups are protected by specific additional protections described in some federal human subjects regulations.

What particular types of individuals might need additional protections in research studies who might be considered more vulnerable than others?

In addition to vulnerable subject populations such as children, prisoners, and pregnant women (covered in the subparts of the federal regulations for human subjects research), there are special classes of subjects including students, employees, and cognitively impaired individuals who may be vulnerable in terms of …

Who are the groups of people that the IRB considered vulnerable for research participation in the 45 CFR 46?

Vulnerable populations include those defined 45 CFR 46 Subparts B (Pregnant Women), Subpart C (Prisoners), andSubpart D (Children), and those mentioned in 45 CFR 46.111(b): mentally disabled persons, or economically or educationally disadvantaged persons.

Is pregnancy a biomedical condition?

While the biomedical establishment usually defines pregnancy as a physiological condition, the majority of women in this study regarded pregnancy as an activity, a constant and meticulous work that was triggered by social, psychological and physical changes associated with pregnancy.

Why is childbirth Medicalised?

The medical model of childbirth assumes that the female body is always ready to fail. Indeed, childbirth is seen as a highly risky business. The majority of women who give birth in hospital do so because they assume that a hospital birth is safest.

Who are considered vulnerable research subjects?

The Common Rule lists specific vulnerable groups: children, prisoners, pregnant women, fetuses, mentally disabled persons, and economically and educationally disadvantaged persons (45 CFR §46.107(a)).

What are research vulnerable subjects?

People who may be especially susceptible to coercion or undue influence are considered vulnerable subject populations. These include: Children/minors. Cognitively impaired individuals. Individuals diagnosed with significant mental illness or physical disability.

Who is considered vulnerable in a study?

There are many possible ways to define who is vulnerable in the research context. Some would include the following: those who are ill (dependent on clinician for care), ethnic or racial minorities, non-English speakers, children, the economically disadvantaged, adults with diminished capacity.

Who is considered a vulnerable population in research?

What is your high-risk approach in pregnancy?

Risk factors for a high-risk pregnancy can include: Existing health conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or being HIV-positive. Overweight and obesity. Obesity increases the risk for high blood pressure, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, stillbirth, neural tube defects, and cesarean delivery.

Are marine mammals protected in the US?

All marine mammal species found in U.S. waters are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, as well as marine mammals listed as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act worldwide.

What is the purpose of the marine mammal protection act?

Under the MMPA, Congress directed that the primary objective of marine mammal management should be to maintain the health and stability of the marine ecosystem and, when consistent with that primary objective, to obtain and maintain optimum sustainable populations of marine mammals.

Why are marine mammals important to the environment?

Marine mammals are vital to the balance of marine ecosystems and are key indicators of the overall health of the ocean. All marine mammals are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Some are also protected under the Endangered Species Act and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

What does moratorium mean in marine mammal law?

(8) The term “moratorium” means a complete cessation of the taking of marine mammals and a complete ban on the importation into the United States of marine mammals and marine mammal products, except as provided in this chapter.

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